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in 1988 school children from across

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america were asked to help name the

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newest space shuttle orbiter

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one of their requirements was to name it

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after a sea vessel of scientific

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exploration

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after months of competition a name was

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finally selected and our newest orbiter

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welcome aboard the space shuttle

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endeavor on this it's maiden voyage

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the name endeavor has a long history of

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over 200 years ago the oceans of the

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world were still great frontiers

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filled with mystery and adventure

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no ship helped to unravel those

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mysteries

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more than the british sailing ship

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endeavor

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it's obvious we've progressed quite a

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ways

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since the wind-driven sailing ships

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but we are still inspired by the quest

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for knowledge and the sense of adventure

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during the next few minutes we will take

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a look at the endeavor of long ago to

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see how much we've changed and how much

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we've stayed the same

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so join us for the voyage of endeavor

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then and now

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10

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9

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8 we have a goal for main engine start

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we have main engine start four three

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two

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one

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zero and rift-off liftoff of the space

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touchdown

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so

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the original endeavor was commanded by

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one of the greatest sea captains who

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ever lived captain james cook

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cook the very name dominates an age of

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at the helm of endeavour he sailed

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around the treacherous horn of south

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and into the vast pacific ocean

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the voyage of endeavor took him to

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new zealand

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along australia's great barrier reef

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and finally around the tip of africa

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back into the atlantic and home to

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it was a voyage that lasted almost three

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as a young boy in england james cook

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fell in love with the sea

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born the son of a farmer he quit his job

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as a grocery clerk to work as an

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apprentice on a cold hauling ship

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because he aspired to a career normally

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reserved for the privileged upper class

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cook worked hard

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he spent much of his free time studying

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navigation astronomy and physics

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without a doubt

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his knowledge of these subjects led to

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like look

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most every astronaut can tell you that

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he or she became interested in

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exploration at a very young age

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we come from different backgrounds

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some of us are pilots

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others are scientists engineers

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mathematicians and even medical doctors

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but one thing we all have in common is a

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college degree and a strong background

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in math and science that led us into the

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space program

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and into space

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the shuttle is the workhorse of the

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space program and endeavor is the fifth

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shuttle to be built

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although she may look the same as her

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sister ships endeavor is actually

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pioneering new shuttle technology that

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will soon be incorporated into the rest

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of the shuttle fleet

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these modifications include the addition

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of a drag chute for safer landings

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and improvements that will allow

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shuttles to fly longer missions of

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exploration

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cook's endeavor was also modified before

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she set sail

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she started out as a short-range coral

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hauling ship named earl of pembroke

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she was then refurbished for longer

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voyages and rechristened endeavor

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then in august of 1768 cook sailed her

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from plymouth england to begin one of

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but what was he looking for

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his primary mission was to transport a

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group of scientists to an area in the

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pacific ocean where they could observe

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an important astronomical event

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it was the transit of venus when the

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planet passes in front of the sun

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an event that happens only twice every

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but cook also had another job or

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secondary objective

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he was to explore this relatively

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uncharted region of the world

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claim all that he found for england and

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make maps of the area

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along the way the scientists with him

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would observe and document new plant and

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animal life they encountered

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whenever we launch a shuttle into space

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we also have more than one job or

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objective in mind

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for example our primary mission on this

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flight is to retrieve the intelsat

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rescuing the satellite

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turned out to be more of a challenge

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than we thought it would be

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like cook

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we discovered there are unknowns

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while exploring the uncharted australian

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coastline the endeavor ran aground on

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the great barrier reef

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but cook had a skilled and ingenious

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crew

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who was able to repair the ship and

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enable the voyage to continue to its

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successful conclusion

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we ran into problems too when we first

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attempted to capture the satellite

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this task was easily performed on earth

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but in a case of history repeating

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itself

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the crew of the space shuttle endeavour

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was able to devise a new plan of action

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and we successfully completed our

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primary mission objective

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okay

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all got a good grip

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i think we got a satellite

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but that's not all we do we like captain

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cook also have secondary objectives

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on board we're conducting life science

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experiments which will help us to better

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understand the effects of weightlessness

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on the human body

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we're also working outside the orbiter

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in the payload bay evaluating

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construction techniques for space

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station freedom

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so like cook we're blazing a trail for

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beautiful

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documentation is also an important part

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of what we do up here

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in fact on this flight we're carrying 21

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cameras to bring back some of our

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activities to earth

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we can show researchers their

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or tests of space hardware

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we give oceanographers a new view of our

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and we are just a different view of the

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and the beauty of the earth from space

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we can send images from space as they

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happen

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via satellite

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but we also bring back a lot of pictures

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in cook's day there were no satellites

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or cameras but he still needed to

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so he had two artists on his endeavor to

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document the landscapes

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the people

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the plants and the animals they

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but that meant the scientists back in

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england had to wait until cook got home

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to see their pictures and cook was gone

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a ship whether it's a sailing ship or a

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spaceship has to have a crew to make it

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work

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we have a crew of seven on our flight

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commander and a pilot who fly the

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spacecraft

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and five mission specialists who perform

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microgravity experiments

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operate the shuttle's arm

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of course with such a small crew we all

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have to help each other out and share

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the work

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for example while pierre and rick are

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space walking outside the orbiter the

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rest of the crew are all busy with jobs

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that make their trip outside possible

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so there's a lot of coordination between

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all of us

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on the shuttle seven people have to live

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and work in a volume equal to half the

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but we make the most of what space we do

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even the ceiling

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these lockers are where we stow most of

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the things we use on the flight such as

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our clothes and even equipment for some

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of our experiments

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cook had to consider living in storage

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space on his endeavor too he had more

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than 90 people on board a ship that

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wasn't designed to carry nearly that

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many

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this meant they had to make use of every

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nook and cranny on the ship just like we

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do on the shuttle

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cook had to also carry enough supplies

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to service the ship during its

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three-year voyage

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that meant extra canvas for torn sales

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and other items to keep his ship sailing

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remember endeavour ran aground on

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australia's great barrier reef and her

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hull was damaged pretty badly but thanks

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to the carpenter and blacksmith that

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cook had on board they were able to

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repair the damage and continue their

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voyage

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occasionally we may also have problems

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that require immediate maintenance and

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even though we don't have a blacksmith

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or a carpenter on board we do have a

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well-equipped tool kit

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an extensive maintenance checklist

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during the flight of sts-30 the crew

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used these maintenance procedures and

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tools to change out an important

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computer

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we sure hope we don't have any

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emergencies like that but if we do we

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have the tools and the procedures to get

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the job done

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food was another thing that took up a

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lot of space on cook's endeavor carrying

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enough food for such a large crew was

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quite a task

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meat was packed in large barrels of salt

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to keep it from spoiling

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the typical food on such a long voyage

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consists mainly of salt pork and bread

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with a little rum or beer thrown in

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because of diets like that many sailors

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of that day suffered and died from

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scurvy a disease caused by a lack of

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vitamin c

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but things were different on cook's ship

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he loaded endeavor with as much fresh

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meat fruit vegetables and onions as the

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ship could carry and because of that he

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didn't lose a single member of his crew

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cook even took a goat along with him so

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that his crew would have fresh milk i

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don't think that would work up here

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for the most part our meals are already

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prepared

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some foods we just have to heat up in

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others are prepared by adding water to

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them

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we also have some that we eat straight

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out of the can

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tonight i'm having beef tips with

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mushrooms asparagus and butterscotch

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pudding

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we also have a choice of drinks

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but no rum or beer like in cook's day

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this would have been a feast for cook's

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crew

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and then there's housekeeping a chore on

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any vessel

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cook knew that disease and germs could

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destroy his crew so he regularly had

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endeavour's deck scrub with a mixture of

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vinegar and water

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but if one of his crew did get sick he

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had a medic and a doctor on board to

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we also have to keep our ship clean in

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space dirt and other things don't fall

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to the floor like they do on earth in

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fact the walls get just as dirty as the

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and if one of us becomes ill two of our

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crew members are trained to be crew

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medical officers

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using the shuttle medical kit and the

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medical checklist the crew medical

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officers can treat problems as simple as

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a headache or something as serious as a

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here's a luxury they didn't have on the

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original endeavor a toilet

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in cook's day they used to have to use a

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bucket or hang over the side of the ship

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as you can imagine that could get pretty

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dangerous in rough seas

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man overboard

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another advantage we have as far as

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comfort goes is climate control

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our life support system keeps the crew

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compartment at a comfortable 25 degrees

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celsius

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on cook's voyage endeavors sailed

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through the frigid waters off the tip of

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south america

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and through the tropics near tahiti

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all without air conditioning or heaters

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cook also sailed without the

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sophisticated navigational aids that we

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have today to chart his course cook used

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a sextant a device that uses the stars

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to pinpoint latitude

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or how far north or south we are from

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the equator

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it'd still be a few years before the use

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of a chronometer would enable sailors to

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accurately determine longitude or how

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far east or west they were from england

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but thanks to cook's knowledge of math

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and astronomy he was able to compute

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endeavors longitude to within a few

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degrees

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most of our navigation is done by modern

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tracking satellites and ground radar

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but we have to help them out by pointing

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endeavors navigation instruments up at

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the proper stars

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to do this we use a device that's a lot

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like the sextant cook relied on it's

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called a star tracker with the star

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tracker we can accurately determine the

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orbiter's attitude and then do precise

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maneuvers like a rendezvous with the

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intel satellite

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cook's voyage on endeavor was a

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challenging one and in spite of the

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hardships endured by him and his crew

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the journey was one of history's

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greatest voyages of exploration

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during the voyage cook explored and

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charted new zealand proving that it was

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actually two islands

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he charted the eastern and northern

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coast of australia

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and established that australia and new

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guinea were separate land masses

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and he circumnavigated the globe

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bringing back a wealth of scientific

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information about plant and animal life

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in that part of the world

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the crew of space shuttle endeavour

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salutes captain james cook and his great

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accomplishments

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his life is an example of how far one

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can go

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he overcame great odds and obstacles to

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make his dreams come true with hard work

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study and perseverance cook became one

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of history's greatest explorers

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we in the shuttle program are also

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explorers

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charting a course for the future

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today our voyage of endeavor is keeping